What is the naturalization process in the U.S.?

Understanding the U.S. Naturalization Process

Becoming a U.S. citizen is a life-changing milestone for many immigrants. Naturalization, the legal process through which foreign nationals gain U.S. citizenship, involves several steps, documentation, and eligibility requirements. If you’re considering applying for U.S. citizenship, you might be wondering: What exactly is the naturalization process? How long does it take? Let’s break it down step by step.

Who Is Eligible for U.S. Naturalization?

To apply for naturalization, you must meet specific eligibility requirements set by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). The primary requirements include:

• Permanent Residency: You must have a Green Card (lawful permanent resident status) for at least five years—or three years if married to a U.S. citizen.
• Continuous Residence: You must have continuously lived in the U.S. for at least five years before applying (or three years if applying through marriage).
• Physical Presence: You must have been physically present in the U.S. for at least 30 months out of the last five years (or 18 months out of three years for spouses of U.S. citizens).
• Good Moral Character: You should have a clean criminal record and demonstrate good moral character.
• English Proficiency: You must be able to read, write, and speak basic English.
• Knowledge of U.S. History and Government: You must pass the naturalization test on U.S. civics.

Steps to Become a Naturalized U.S. Citizen

1. Prepare and Submit Form N-400

The first official step is completing Form N-400, Application for Naturalization, which is available on the USCIS website. The form requires details about your residency, employment, family history, and travel outside the U.S.

• The current filing fee is $640, plus an $85 biometric fee.
• Some applicants may qualify for a fee waiver or reduction.

2. Attend the Biometrics Appointment

After submitting your application, USCIS will notify you of a biometric screening appointment at a local Application Support Center. At this appointment:

• Your fingerprints will be taken.
• A background check will be conducted.
• You may be asked to provide additional documentation.

3. Complete the Naturalization Interview

Once your background check clears, USCIS will schedule an interview at a local field office. The officer will review your application, ask about your background, and test your English and civics knowledge.

• English Test: You will be tested on your ability to read, write, and speak in English.
• Civics Test: You must answer at least 6 out of 10 questions correctly about U.S. history and government.
• If you fail the test, you can retake it within 60–90 days.

4. Receive a Decision from USCIS

After your interview, you will receive one of three decisions:

• Approved: Your application moves to the next step.
• Continued: USCIS may request additional documents or require a second interview.
• Denied: If your application is denied, you may appeal or reapply.

5. Take the Oath of Allegiance

The final step in the naturalization process is attending the Oath of Allegiance ceremony. Once you take the oath, you officially become a U.S. citizen and receive your Certificate of Naturalization. Congratulations!

How Long Does the Naturalization Process Take?

The processing time for naturalization varies based on your location and USCIS workload. On average, the process takes 8–14 months from application submission to the oath ceremony. You can check the estimated processing times on the USCIS website.

Benefits of U.S. Citizenship

Becoming a U.S. citizen comes with several advantages, including:

• The Right to Vote: Participate in federal, state, and local elections.
• Protection from Deportation: Citizens cannot be deported under normal circumstances.
• Ability to Travel Freely: Obtain a U.S. passport for unrestricted global travel.
• Eligibility for Government Jobs: Access employment opportunities that require U.S. citizenship.
• Family Sponsorship: Petition for family members to obtain Green Cards more quickly.

FAQ: U.S. Naturalization Process

1. Can I apply for citizenship if I have a criminal record?

It depends on the severity of the offense. Some crimes, such as aggravated felonies, may permanently bar you from naturalization. It’s best to consult an immigration attorney.

2. What if I fail the naturalization test?

You will have one opportunity to retake the test within 60–90 days of your initial interview.

3. Can I travel outside the U.S. while my application is pending?

Yes, but excessive travel may disrupt your continuous residence requirement, potentially affecting your application.

4. Do I have to give up my previous citizenship?

The U.S. allows dual citizenship, but some countries require you to renounce your previous nationality.

5. What happens if my application is denied?

You can appeal the decision or reapply after addressing the reasons for denial.